Stommel 1948 paper. Union, 29 (1948), 202–206.
Stommel 1948 paper. org In the decade following the 1948 paper, Stommel and his collaborators had gone from a primitive and stumbling beginning to a sophisticated theory of the thermocline, the gross thermal structure of the ocean (1959), to a theoretical view of the global abyssal circulation (1960). Stommel, apparently in his first oceanography paper (Stommel, 1948, hereafter referred to as S48) was the first to formulate a simple, yet comprehensive, mathematical model of the WBCs (see for example Kunzig, 1999). Introduction Sverdrup balance is one of the most important underpinnings for oceanic theory, contributing to much of the historical understanding of the time-mean circulation of ocean gyres (Stommel 1948; Anderson and Killworth 1977; Luyten et al. See full list on tos. Some years later I once heard Hans Panofsky say, "That paper? Oh, that's the paper which made Henry Stom-mel famous!" In an elegantly Download scientific diagram | Stommel ocean model on the f plane: (a) ocean geometry and (b) streamfunction (m 2 s 21 ) (after Stommel 1948). An intense crowding of streamlines toward the western border of the ocean is discovered to be caused by variation of the Cortolis parameter with latitude Munk's paper attributes his effort to three earlier efforts: (1) Rossby's (1936) 104 discussion of the importance of lateral dissipation, (2) Sverdrup (1947) and (3) Stommel (1948). 2019) commonly dominated by the turbulence expected of such a large Reynolds number uid fl (see Stommel 1948). 7 Apr 11, 2024 · In this project I have attempted to recreat the results obtained by Stommel (1948), by implementing a dynamical models of ocean circulation, in a homogeneous rectangular system, driven by wind-stress, linear bottom drag, pressure gradient forces generated due to differences in surface height and coriolis force. g. 7 Closely following on the Sverdrup/Stommel grated merid-ional (north–south) transport of upper ocean waters. Gyre circulations Belief in the unimportance of topography in the in-terior of subtropical gyres stems initially from the suc-cess of Stommel’s (1948) model in describing the major features of these circulations. Key Paper (1948): Published "The They are both related to the way that stress is transferred between fluid particles in the ocean. e. An excellent presentation of the ideas together with a number of significant Oct 1, 2014 · 1. Munk’s paper attributes his study to three earlier efforts: (1) Rossby’s (1936) discussion of the importance of lateral dissi- pation, (2) Sverdrup (1947), and (3) Stommel (1948). Google Scholar H. VERONm and I have shown (VERONm and, STOMMEL, 1957) in a short contribution to the theory of thermally driven circulations based upon the LINEYKIN stable model, how the introduction of the variable Coriolis parameter modifies the depth obtained in uniform rotation (the LINEYKIN depth). Stommel, H. Lecture 7 by Angel Ruiz-Angulo The first explanation for the western intensification of the wind-driven ocean circulation was provided by Henry Stommel (1948). Geophys. S. (1) is also called Stommel-Munk model. | Stern, Melvin E. Different models for the ocean have been worked out to emphasize different features (STOCKMAtCN, 1946 ; SVERDRUP, 1947 ; STOMMEL, 1948 ; MtrNK, 1950 ; HIDAKA, 1950, 1951 ; NEUMANN, 1954, 1955). Stommel, The delicate interplay between wind-stress and buoyancy input in ocean circulation: the Goldsbrough variations. Given the wind-stress curl ∇ ^ τ, or the wind stress τ itself, one can Nov 1, 2001 · Our formulation combines three highly idealized models: the Stommel model (Stommel 1948), the Munk model (Munk 1950), and the arrested topographic wave (Csanady 1978). Two of the present authors have made theoretical studies (Longuet-Higgins 1949, Stommel 1948) dealing with certain cases of velocity fields, and Malkus and Stern (1952) have proved some important integral theorems. Stommel, the leading physical oceanographer of the 20th Century and a longtime MIT faculty member. Stommel’s paper is an outstanding example of the importance of asking the right question (a Munk maxim) relative to getting the right answer. Tellus, 36A (1984), 111–119. Combined Fluid Dynamics and Earth's Rotation: Stommel integrated fluid dynamics, the Coriolis effect, and Earth's curvature to understand the powerful Gulf Stream and its westward intensification. e submission date of his 1948 paper in the American Geophysical Unio n (AGU) Transactions is September 25, 1947—for a paper presented a t a September 18, arameter due to the spherical shape of the earth. from publication: Accuracy Progressive Calculation of Stommel (1948), remarkably, contains no references at all and so does not men-tion Sverdrup’s paper. Stommel’s 1948 paper became a classic, one of the most freque tly cited papers in modern physical oceanography. Sverdrup balance describes a simple yet powerful balance between the wind stress curl and the depth-integrated meridional transport in the Jun 15, 2013 · The electrical field induced by ocean currents and waves, with applications to the method of towed electrodes 1954 Longuet-Higgins, M. Introduced by Henry Stommel, the model results in a two-dimensional system of first Mar 1, 2021 · he wrote his own paper. 1029/TR029I002P00202) A study is made of the wind-driven circulation in a homogeneous rectangular ocean under the influence of surface wind stress, linearised bottom friction, horizontal pressure gradients caused by a variable surface height, and Corlolie force. The Sverdrup and Munk papers provide references to the work of Ekman, Fjeldstad, Goldsbrough Stommel 177 (1948) noted the general similarity of this flow pattern with 178 what occurs in oceans, and that it differs from the solution 179 given a constant Coriolis force, which is a symmetric gyre. Richardson and Stommel (1948) first tested the four-thirds law in the ocean, using parsnip floats as the diffusing particles in water about two meters deep. The power law which best fit their two resulting data points (at neighbor separations of 26. He used a rectangular, flat-bottomed, homogeneous ocean with a simple pattern of wind stress and a In 1948 the Transactions of the American Geophys-ical Union carried a short paper entitled, "The West-ward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents. Fluid Dynamics: Stommel's 1948 paper on "The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents" explained how the Earth's curvature, rotation, and fluid dynamics create stronger currents on the western boundaries of ocean basins. 1983). —died Jan. Oct 1, 2001 · a. Therefore, Eq. STOMMEL (1948) considered the case where the local acceleration provided by bottom friction is large as compared to relative acceleration of a column, and MUNK On the theory of wind-driven ocean circulation 599 (1950) the case where lateral eddy diffusion dominates. The main purpose of Stommel's paper was to demonstrate the source of east–west asymmetry in the gyre circulation. In 1948 the Transactions of the American Geophys-ical Union carried a short paper entitled, "The West-ward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents. Munk's paper attributes his effort to three earlier efforts: (1) Rossby's (1936) 104 discussion of the importance of lateral dissipation, (2) Sverdrup (1947) and (3) Stommel (1948). | Stommel, Henry M. 27, 1920, Wilmington, Del. Key Contributions: Henry Stommel made significant contributions to understanding ocean currents. In the decade following the 1948 paper, Stommel and his collaborators had gone from a primitive and stumbling be-ginning to a sophisticated theory of the thermocline, the gross thermal structure of the ocean (1959), to a theoreti-cal view of the global abyssal circulation (1960). The observations were motivated by and are consistent with Stommel--Arons theory. Gyre circulations Belief in the unimportance of topography in the interior of subtropical gyres stems initially from the success of Stommel's (1948) model in describing the major features of these circulations. Geo-phys. His original model, which balanced bottom friction with the beta effect in a rectangular basin, was later improved and generalized in many ways. During his quarter century at MIT, Charney mentored countless students and made profound, lasting impacts on the field through groundbreaking —From “On the Scale of Atmospheric Motions” (1948) Geofysiske Publikasjoner research on such diverse topics as the stability of atmospheric and oceanic flows, the formation and evolution of weather systems and hurricanes, oceanic boundary currents Munk’s paper attributes his study to three earlier efforts: (1) Rossby’s (1936) discussion of the importance of lateral dissi- pation, (2) Sverdrup (1947), and (3) Stommel (1948). He used a rectan-gular, at-bottomed, homogeneous ocean with a simple pattern of wind stress and a steady, linear, vertically-integrated momentum balance This same westward intensification of surface currents is observed in other oceans, and has been the object of study by the writer (Stommel, 1948), who proposed that the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis parameter was the cause of the asymmetry, and by Munk (1950), who first developed a thorough dynamical theory which yields Henry Stommel Stommel has subsequently made remarkable contributions to practically every aspect of physical oceanography, from mixing in estuaries to the world-wide deep circulation of the oceans. An intense crowding of streamlines toward the western border of the ocean is discovered to be caused by variation of the Cortolis parameter with latitude In the decade following the 1948 paper, Stommel and his collaborators had gone from a primitive and stumbling be-ginning to a sophisticated theory of the thermocline, the gross thermal structure of the ocean (1959), to a theoreti-cal view of the global abyssal circulation (1960). In that paper Stommel concentrated on isolating the parameters that lead to the generation of boundary layers on the western boundaries of large basins in the a. The collection reflects the varied scientific interests of Henry Melson Stommel, regarded by some as perhaps the most important physical oceanographer of all time and the founder of the field of dynamical oceanography in the US. Some years later I once heard Hans Panofsky say, "That paper? Oh, that's the paper which made Henry Stom-mel famous!" In an elegantly 1 Introduction As was noted by Henry Stommel, in the opening sentence of his seminal 1948 study, “Perhaps the most striking fea-ture of the general oceanic wind-driven circulation is the intense crowding of streamlines near the western borders of the oceans”. Comparison of MPAS-Ocean results against theoretical predictions by Stommel (1948) for the f plane case: simulation (a, d, g); analytical solutions (b, e, h) and their difference (c, f, i) for the any sort of synthesis. The ocean is rotating but the Coriolis parameter f is constant. Stommel considered the effect of a symmetrical anticyclonic wind field on a rectangular ocean in three different situations: 1. 7 cm and 187. Some years later I once heard Hans Panofsky say, "That paper? Oh, that's the paper which made Henry Stom-mel famous!" In an elegantly The Henry Melson Stommel papers span the years 1946-1996 with the bulk dating from 1970-1992. These strong and narrow poleward-directed currents, often referred to as “western boundary currents” (WBCs), counterbalance the The large-scale ocean circulation in each of the major ocean basins is characterized by an intense cur-rent on the western boundary explained by the classic works of Stommel (1948) and Munk (1950), and a time-dependentenergeticeddyfieldthat,whenaveraged,showsabroad-scalegyreflowintheoceaninterior. A cold core eddy (Gulf Stream ring) was observed as –south) transport of upper ocean waters. To try to understand the cause of this westward intensification, Stommel in 1948 proposed the following. Most of the theoretical descriptors have been based primarily upon the Sep 23, 2025 · Henry Melson Stommel (born Sept. In 1948, Stommel's paper explained how fluid dynamics, Earth's curvature, and the Coriolis effect cause stronger currents on the western boundaries of ocean basins. In an elegantly simple model—a plane (flat-bottomed), rectangular, hom ize phy on Cabot (after Fuglister and Worthington, 1951). Test your knowledge on deep-ocean circulation, thermohaline circulation, and Stommel's impact on the concept of the 'Great Ocean Conveyor Belt'. This problem was solved by the American oceanographer Henry Stommel (1948). unnumbered} The first and simplest explanation of “The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents” was given by Henry Stommel in 1948, in a paper of that title (in Trans. , 2020). Many of –south) transport of upper ocean waters. 7 Stommel's model: simple damping The rst and simplest explanation of \The west-ward intensi cation of wind-driven ocean cur-rents" was given by Henry Stommel in 1948, in a paper of that title (in Trans. In recent years, with global observations available (altime-ter, gravity, and scatterometer satellites, Argo, CTD sections), it has become clear that the ocean has a strong regional phys-ics (e. Stommel’s (1948) paper treated a linear, homogeneous flat-bottom ocean, but succeeded in isolating the me-ridional derivative of the Coriolis acceleration as the essential element in producing western boundary cur-rents like the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic—a prototype Apr 23, 2021 · If A 4 = 0 and A 2 ≠ 0, then Eq. The maximum velocity that EAC attains is also substantially smaller than that of the Kuroshio (Campisi-Pinto et al. An intense crowding of streamlines toward the western border of the ocean is discovered to be caused by variation of the Stommel (1948), remarkably, contains no references at all and so does not men- tion Sverdrup’s paper. ) was an American oceanographer and meteorologist. (Figure 4) 3. Munk’s paper attributes his study to three earlier ef In 1948 the Transactions of the American Geophys-ical Union carried a short paper entitled, "The West-ward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents. , Pedlosky 1996). " This was to become a classic, one of the most fre-quently cited papers in modem physical oceanography. The main purpose of Stommel’s paper was to demonstrate the source of east– west asymmetry in the gyre circulation. Characteristic of these circulations (or gyres) is that they are anticyclonic. 7 Henry Stommel: Pioneer in Oceanography Henry Stommel was an American oceanographer known for his groundbreaking work on ocean currents, specifically the Gulf Stream. Some years later I once heard Hans Panofsky say, "That paper? Oh, that's the paper which made Henry Stom-mel famous!" In an elegantly Munk’s paper attributes his study to three earlier eforts: (1) Rossby’s (1936) discussion of the importance of lateral dissi-pation, (2) Sverdrup (1947), and (3) Stommel (1948). Stommel (1948), remarkably, contains no references at all and so does not men-tion Sverdrup’s paper. A study is made of the wind-driven circulation in a homogeneous rectangular ocean under the influence of surface wind stress, linearised bottom friction, horizontal pressure gradients caused by a variable surface height, and Corlolie force. . , U. In this article we present a conceptual model of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), an important component of the ocean's global energy transport circulation that has, in recent times, been weakening anomalously. He suggested that the Earth’s rotation is responsible for the Gulf Stream along the coast of North America, and he theorized Nov 1, 1998 · The Sverdrup balance for the oceanic interior, the Stommel (1948) and Munk (1950) theories proposed to close the circulation at the western boundary, and the early inertial theories all assume an atmospheric vorticity input provided by a mean time-independent wind field (e. Henry Stommel’s 1948 paper “The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents” began a new era in the study of ocean circulation because it suggested that the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis parameter so strongly constrained ocean In a famous 1948 paper, Henry Stommel demonstrated that the circulation could only close on the western side, and showed that there was another boundary layer there. 105 Stommel's paper is an outstanding example of the importance of asking the right question (a Munk 106 maxim) relative to getting the right answer. Stommel’s (1948) paper treated a linear, homogeneous flat-bottom ocean, but succeeded in isolating the me-ridional derivative of the Coriolis acceleration as the essential element in producing western boundary cur-rents like the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic—a prototype of GFD reductionism. In 1948, Stommel published his key paper in Transactions, American Geophysical Union: "The Westward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents", [1] in which he used a simple, homogeneous, rectangular ocean model to examine the streamlines and surface height contours for an ocean at a non-rotating frame, an ocean characterized by a constant Munk’s paper attributes his study to three earlier eforts: (1) Rossby’s (1936) discussion of the importance of lateral dissi-pation, (2) Sverdrup (1947), and (3) Stommel (1948). S. (1) reduces to the Stommel (1948) model, which is a second-order partial differential equation about ψ; If A 2 = 0 and A 4 ≠ 0, Eq. Feb 13, 2019 · The ocean plays a major role in our climate system and in climate change. Some years later I once heard Hans Panofsky say, "That paper? Oh, that's the paper which made Henry Stom-mel famous!" In an elegantly (DOI: 10. Much of the progress can be attrib-uted to the intuition and physical balance that have emerged from the use of simple models that isolate important processes. Nov 3, 2016 · Am. Jul 25, 2024 · Henry Stommel (1948) proposes the first mathematical model to explain the surface circulation of water in the North Atlantic Ocean, this model is characterized by its simplicity and elegance to Munk’s paper attributes his study to three earlier eforts: (1) Rossby’s (1936) discussion of the importance of lateral dissi-pation, (2) Sverdrup (1947), and (3) Stommel (1948). This was shown to result from the variation of the Coriolis Stommel made a two-box model in 1961 which showed two different states of the AMOC are possible on a single hemisphere. Stommel’s result with an ocean box model has initiated studies using three dimensional ocean circulation models, confirming the existence of multiple equilibria in the AMOC. The Sverdrup and Munk papers provide references to the work of Ekman, Fjeldstad, Goldsbrough –south) transport of upper ocean waters. Mar 1, 2014 · Why are there no eastern counterparts? In 1948, Henry Stommel showed that the so-called “beta-effect” was responsible for trapping the western flank of a wind driven ocean gyre against the coastline. 1961. An excellent presentation of the ideas together with a number of significant Jun 21, 2023 · Both Stommel (1948) and Munk (1950) obtained exact solutions to their respective equations sets. A study is made of the wind‐driven circulation in a homogeneous rectangular ocean under the influence of surface wind stress, linearised bottom friction, horizontal pressure gradients caused by a variable surface height, and Corlolie force. Stommel, Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. While geographers Munk’s paper attributes his study to three earlier eforts: (1) Rossby’s (1936) discussion of the importance of lateral dissi-pation, (2) Sverdrup (1947), and (3) Stommel (1948). The Sverdrup and Munk papers provide references to the work of Ekman, Fjeldstad, Goldsbrough, and Hidaka. Tellus , 13, 224-230, PDF file This quiz explores important aspects of Henry Stommel's contributions to oceanography, focusing on his 1948 paper and the significance of his 1958 book, *The Gulf Stream*. A study is made of the wind-driven circulation in a homogeneous rectangular ocean under the influence of surface wind stress, linearised bottom friction, horizontal pressure gradients caused by a var In 1948 Henry Stommel, in the seminal paper entitled “The Western Intensification of Wind-driven Ocean Currents,” see [1], proposed a simple model for the Gulf Stream based on the fundamental equations of geophysical fluid dynamics. Stommel’s model: simple damping {#stommels-model-simple-damping . Stommel became internationally known during the 1950s for his theories on circulation patterns in the Atlantic Ocean. The model is based on very crude representations of the Reynolds fluxes at the bottom by a linear bottom friction law, so we do not seek much realism in the details of the solution. Here, we obtain simpler, but still highly accurate, versions of their solutions using a boundary-layer approach. What did Henry Stommel's 1948 paper explain? Henry Stommel's groundbreaking paper in 1948 explained how the Coriolis effect, Earth's curvature, and fluid dynamics combine to create strong currents along western ocean basin boundaries. In 1978, Loren R. 17, 1992, Boston, Mass. Union, 29, 202{206). At the heart of the paper, jointly written with two fellow biological oceanographers, was an innovative graphical interpretation labeled the Stommel Diagram. , Sonnewald et al. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the natureof the electrical field induced in the ocean byparticular types of velocity distribution. 7 cm) was Mar 3, 2022 · Stommel’s 1948 paper became a classic, one of the most frequently cited papers in modern physical oceanography. Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Article Feb 11, 2022 · Methods Stommel’s model In Stommel’s model, the AMOC is based on salinity and temperature differences between low- and high-latitude ocean boxes 12. 1 Introduction Henry Stommel's 1948 paper "The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents" began a new era in the study of ocean circulation because it suggested that the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis parameter so strongly constrained ocean flows that a great deal could be learned about them by isolating horizontal processes in a single layer model of the circulation and Learning Objectives Understand contributions of Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk to physical explanation of gyre circulation Dec 14, 2018 · About Henry Stommel Hank Stommel was in his second year as an astronomy graduate student at Yale University when he came to WHOI in 1944 as a way of serving his country without going to the battlefield. 1. Haury, then a thirty-nine-year-old biological oceanographer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and John McGowan and Peter Wiebe, published a landmark paper in the field of plankton studies. Union, 29, 202–206). Major contributions along these lines were made by Stommel, Welander, and others. Jan 30, 2014 · The variation of Coriolis parameter with latitude (hereafter: the β effect) is accounted for the intense currents near the western border of the ocean basins known as the westward intensification (Stommel 1948; Munk 1950). The surface circulation in an ocean basin is driven by the wind. Once we have done this, we can also briefly discuss Munk’s (1950) paper on the wind-driven circulation and how it differs from Stommel’s. In these models the transport is considered as distinguished from the actual currents. Amer. (1) reduces to the Munk (1950) model, which is the fourth-order partial differential equation. Article Google Scholar H. From then on, he was affiliated with and lived near the Institution until… In 1948 the Transactions of the American Geophys-ical Union carried a short paper entitled, "The West-ward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents. Henry Stommel Stommel has subsequently made remarkable contributions to practically every aspect of physical oceanography, from mixing in estuaries to the world-wide deep circulation of the oceans. Tellus, 13 (1961), 224–230. (Figure 3) 2. A study is made of the wind-driven circulation in a homogeneous rectangular ocean under the influence of surface wind stress, linearised bottom friction, horizontal pressure gradients caused by a var In 1948 the Transactions of the American Geophys-ical Union carried a short paper entitled, "The West-ward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents. The paper heralded the use of neutrally-buoyant 'Swallow' floats, which have become enormously important in our observations of the ocean. The pioneering investigations were carried by Sverdrup (1947), Stommel (1948) and Munk (1950): they approximate the real –south) transport of upper ocean waters. Union, 29 (1948), 202–206. 7 Feb 1, 2004 · It is also similar to the equation derived by Stommel (1948) to model the wind-driven circulation of the ocean. The following chapter considers that work and subsequent developments in the context of boundary layer theory. The Henry Melson Stommel papers span the years 1946-1996 with the bulk dating from 1970-1992. Evolution of Physical Oceanography was created to mark the career of Henry M. An excellent presentation of the ideas together with a number of significant Feb 18, 2021 · The two seminal studies on westward intensification, carried out by Stommel and Munk over 70 years ago, are revisited to elucidate the role of the domain aspect ratio (i. About Model of wind driven circulation based on Stommel 1948. The past 30 years have witnessed a rapid evolution of circulation theory. Its primary focus is the scientific work that engrossed him for over 41 The response of the ocean to the action of a wind-stress at the surface has been investigated by many scientists since the middle of this century. , meridional to zonal In the decade following the 1948 paper, Stommel and his collaborators had gone from a primitive and stumbling be-ginning to a sophisticated theory of the thermocline, the gross thermal structure of the ocean (1959), to a theoreti-cal view of the global abyssal circulation (1960). A striking feature of these gyres in the strong poleward currents on the western side of the ocean basins (off of the east coast of the continents). The authors of the different chapters were asked to describe the evolution of their subject over the history of physical oceanography, and to provide a survey of the state-of-the-art of their subject as of 1980. Stommel’s 1948 paper became a classic, one of the most frequently cited papers in modern physical oceanography. 180 Munk solution 181 Munk (1950) formulated the western boundary current 182 problem in a different way. The ocean is assumed to be on a non-rotating Earth. Mar 1, 2001 · For a detailed discussion see Csanady and Pelegri (1995) and the appendix of the present paper, in which frictional processes at the western boundary are discussed in the framework of the Stommel (1948) model. The effect of varying latitude in that problem plays a similar role to the effect of varying depth in the problem considered here. i6 ru 781arf plvg wstzy56 tf sv2k cogn1 nkthuvo8 k64cgu1k
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